@article{ author = {SabouriGhannad, Masoud and Hajilooi, Mehrdad and Solgi, Ghasem}, title = {HLA-KIR Interactions and Immunity to Viral Infections}, abstract ={Host genetic factors play a central role in determining the clinical phenotype of human diseases. Association between two polymorphic loci in human genome, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs), and genetically complex infectious disease, particularly those of viral etiology, have been historically elusive. Hence, defining the influence of genetic diversity in HLA and KIRs on the outcome of viral infections has been extensively started in clinically well-defined cohort studies. HLA genes encode molecules which present antigenic peptide fragments to T lymphocytes as central players in adaptive immunity against infectious diseases. KIRs are expressed on natural killer cells which perform a crucial role in innate immunity to pathogen infection. The effector functions of NK cells such as direct killing of infected cells, cytokine production, and cross-talk with adaptive immune system depend on activation of NK cells, which is determined by their surface receptors. Among these receptors, KIRs, which interact with HLA class I, are mainly inhibitory and exhibit substantial genetic diversity. An extensive body of association studies indicates a role for HLA–KIRs interactions in infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders, cancer, transplantation, and reproduction. Various compound HLA-KIR genotypes appear to affect outcome of viral infections that suggests a role for HLA class I diversity in innate immunity as well as adaptive immune responses. The aim of this review is focusing on the impact of HLA and KIR alleles and different combinations of these alleles on clinical outcome of viral diseases to validate this proof-of-concept with respect to the therapeutic interventions.}, Keywords = {Human leukocyte antigen, Killer cell immunoglobulin like receptor, Viral infection}, volume = {2}, Number = {1}, pages = {1-20}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.rmm.2.1.1}, url = {http://rmm.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-68-en.html}, eprint = {http://rmm.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-68-en.pdf}, journal = {Research in Molecular Medicine}, issn = {2322-1348}, eissn = {2322-133X}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Yoonesi, Ali Asghar and Qujeq, Durdi and Esmaili, Mohsen and Feizi, Farideh}, title = {Effects of Combination of G-CSF and SCF One Week Prior to Liver Injury In Acute liver Damage Model Induced by Thioacetamide Administration}, abstract ={Background: There are many reports regarding to effects of Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and stem cell factor (SCF)alone in liver repair .But conflicting data have been reported regarding the role of growth factors such as G-CSF and SCF in the liver regeneration system. Also, there is not such data regarding to effects of co-administration both of G-CSF and SCF in the liver damage condition. Materials and Methods: An experimental model of rat liver damage induced by the thioacetamide. Five different groups of animals receiving 0.9% NaCl, TAA alone, TAA + G-CSF, TAA + SCF and TAA + (G-CSF+SCF ). The activity of glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT/AlT)and glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT/AST) were measured after the thioacetamide (TAA) injection and the administration of combination of G-CSF + SCF for 12 weeks. Also histological tests were carried out at the end experiments. Results: The pre-treatment of combination of G-CSF and SCF for 12 weeks reduced the degree of liver injury. The mean of GOT activity was 61.24 (U/L) in the G-CSF +SCF and versus 132.86 in the TAA-alone group. These differences in the GOT activity were statistically significant (P<0.05). Also, in the G-CSF +SCF and TAA group the mean of GPT activity (4.35 versus 11.79, respectively) were lower than in the TAA-alone group, this difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Liver sections from a rat treated only with TAA, showing damage, but TAA and G-CSF + SCF no significant damage is present. On the other hand histological results revealed a very mild degree of inflammation were observed in the livers of the combination of G-SCF+SCF and TAA-treated rats compared to TAA only treated group. Conclusion: Biochemical and microscopic analysis revealed that combination of G-CSF and SCF pre-treatment significantly enhances liver regeneration after TAA –induced liver injury.}, Keywords = {Damage, Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, stem cell factor, thioacetamide, glutamate pyruvate transaminase, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase}, volume = {2}, Number = {1}, pages = {21-25}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.rmm.2.1.21}, url = {http://rmm.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-66-en.html}, eprint = {http://rmm.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-66-en.pdf}, journal = {Research in Molecular Medicine}, issn = {2322-1348}, eissn = {2322-133X}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {MalekzadehShafaroudi, Majid and Dlay, Craig J}, title = {Endothelial Vasodilator Angiotensin Receptors are Changing in Mice with Ageing}, abstract ={Background: The vascular function of Angiotensin II-type-2 receptors in adults is controversial. We sought their location and function in mouse aortic rings at young and old mice. Materials and Methods: Male C57Bl mice (aged 4 and 14 months) were killed by CO2. The descending thoracic aorta was cleaned and dissected into rings. Aortic rings were mounted in Krebs’ solution at 37 °C and then setup in a multi-myograph. Also segments of aorta were incubated with or without antagonists then TMR-Angiotensin II and/or QAPB were added.  Results: At 4 months, angiotensin II, at low concentrations, caused losartan-sensitive contraction higher concentrations (100nmol/L) caused relaxation sensitive to endothelial denudation, L-NAME or PD123319. Angiotensin II-type-1 receptors blockade plus L-NAME revealed PD123319-sensitive contraction. At old mice, aortic relaxation to angiotensin II was lost. At young mice, Losartan and PD123319, together but not separately, abolished binding of fluorescent TMR-angiotensin II, to endothelium and smooth muscle, indicatin Angiotensin II-type-1 and Angiotensin II-type-2 receptors in both cell types. In contrast, at 14 months endothelial fluorescence was eliminated by losartan. Conclusion: Aortic endothelium of young adult mice has Angiotensin II-type-2 receptors that release vasodilator nitric oxide. This is lost in old age, explaining age-related loss of vasodilatation by Angiotensin II. Aortic smooth muscle has pro-contractile Angiotensin II-type-1 and Angiotensin II-type-2 receptors in young and old mice. Reciprocal actions of angiotensin II are, due to Angiotensin II-type-1 and Angiotensin II-type-2 receptors situated on different cell types but only at young ages, Angiotensin II-type-1 receptors of unknown function are present on endothelium.}, Keywords = {Angiotensin II, Angiotensin receptors, L- NAME, Nitric oxide, Mouse aorta, Aging}, volume = {2}, Number = {1}, pages = {26-34}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.rmm.2.1.26}, url = {http://rmm.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-59-en.html}, eprint = {http://rmm.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-59-en.pdf}, journal = {Research in Molecular Medicine}, issn = {2322-1348}, eissn = {2322-133X}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Solymane, Hadis and Eslamirad, Zahra and Bayat, Mansour and Hajihossein, Rez}, title = {Molecular Detection of Toxoplasma gondii Oocytes in the Soil from the Public Parks of the Arak City, Iran}, abstract ={Background: Soil structure is mainly composed of sand, silt, clay, and organic materials. Organisms can live in the soil. The large number of stray cats in the cities of Iran is a major environmental and health problem. Toxoplasma oocysts are shed with the feces of cats, so soil is known as a potential source of transmission of toxoplasmosis. The aim of this study was to determine the soil contamination with Toxoplasma gondii oocyst in the public parks of the Arak city. Materials and Methods: Sixty soil samples were collected from 15 main parks of Arak city. Four soil samples from the children's playground, a potting place, around trash bins, and around toilets were taken. Oocyst was isolated from soil by floatation in saturated sucrose. Floating debris was tested by two methods: staining by the modified Ziehl-Neelsen technique and PCR. The target of PCR was the 122 bp fragment of the B1 gene.. Results: From 60 soil samples of public parks of Arak city, 8 samples (13%) were suspected to Toxoplasma oocyst contamination in staining smears. Only 3 samples (5%) of 60 samples were positive in PCR. The results showed that the staining method is not a good method to detect oocysts in the soil because the diversity of oocyst in soil is very high and similar in appearance. Conclusion: This study showed soils of public parks in the Arak city were contaminated to oocyst of Toxoplasma. Also molecular method for the detection of parasites in the soil was more suitable than staining method.}, Keywords = {Oocyst, PCR, Soil, Toxoplasma gondii}, volume = {2}, Number = {1}, pages = {35-38}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.rmm.2.1.35}, url = {http://rmm.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-67-en.html}, eprint = {http://rmm.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-67-en.pdf}, journal = {Research in Molecular Medicine}, issn = {2322-1348}, eissn = {2322-133X}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Dadrass, Mitra and Nejati, Vahid and Tukmechi, Amir and Hobbenaghi, Rahim}, title = {The Protective Effect of Cell Wall and Cytoplasmic Fraction of Selenium Enriched Yeast on 1, 2-Dimethylhydrazine-induced Damage in Liver}, abstract ={Background: 1, 2-Dimethylhydrazine (DMH) enhances lipid peroxidation rate by tumor mitochondria than normal tissue counterpart and causes many disorders in antioxidant system in liver. It also increases the level of enzymes that metabolize toxin in liver and colon. The aim of this study was to evaluate the alteration of liver and its enzymes after DMH injection and evaluate protective effect of cell wall and cytoplasmic fractions of Saccharomyces cereviseae enriched with selenium (Se) on these tissues. Materials and Methods: Forty eight female rats were prepared and acclimatized to the laboratory conditions for two weeks, and all animals received 1, 2- dimethyl hydrazine chloride (40 mg/kg body weight) twice a week for 4 weeks except healthy control. At first colon carcinoma (aberrant crypt foci) confirmed by light microscope. Then the changes resulting from injection of DMH on liver of animals in initial and advanced stages of colon cancer were examined. In addition, the protective effect of cell wall and cytoplasmic fractions of Selenium-enriched S. cerevisiae were investigated in two phases. First phase in initial stage and second phase in advanced stage of colon cancer were performed respectively. Forty weeks following the first DMH injection, all survived animals were sacrificed. Then, colon and liver removed and exsanguinated by heart puncture. For measuring the levels of enzymes (AST, ALT, and ALP), a commercial kit (Parsazmoon, Iran) and an autoanalyzer (BT 3000 Pluse, Italy) were used. Results: The results showed that subcutaneous injection of DMH increased the ALT, AST, and ALP levels up to 78.5, 161.38, and 275.88 U/L compared to the control, respectively. Moreover, statistical analysis in both phases of experiment revealed that the enzyme levels were decreased in the treated groups in comparison with the DMH-injected group, while the levels of these enzymes were lower in the control group. Conclusion: It should be concluded that administration of cell wall and cytoplasmic fraction prepared from Se-enriched S. cerevisiae could reduce the tissue damages in the livers DMH-injected rats. This beneficial effect would warrant further study on the clinical application of Se-enriched yeast.}, Keywords = {Dimethyl hydrazine, Liver enzymes, AST, ALT, ALP, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Selenium, Colon cancer}, volume = {2}, Number = {1}, pages = {39-45}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.rmm.2.1.39}, url = {http://rmm.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-63-en.html}, eprint = {http://rmm.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-63-en.pdf}, journal = {Research in Molecular Medicine}, issn = {2322-1348}, eissn = {2322-133X}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Gholami, Shirzad and Azadbakht, Mohammad and ZiaeiHezarjaribi, Hajar and Rahimi-Esboei, Bahm}, title = {Anti-Giardial Activity of Chloroformic Extract of Tanacetum parthenium and Artemisia annua in vitro}, abstract ={Background: Giardiasis is a one of the most prevalent intestinal parasitic diseases in human, treatment of this disease through medicinal plants is very important since parasite resistance to chemical drugs exists. Thus, in this study, the in vitro anti-giardial activity of chloroformic extract of Tanacetum parthenium and Artemisia annua on cyst and trophozoite of Giardia lamblia were separately investigated. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study chloroformic extracts of Artemisia annua and Tanacetum parthenium on cyst and trophozoite of G. lamblia in vitro were prepared in 1, 10, 50 and 100 mg∕ml concentrations for 5, 10, 30, 60 and 180 min. Purified cysts were used for encystations and culture in TYI-S-33 medium. Then, 2 ml of each solution was placed in test tubes, to which 10,000 washed cysts and trophozoites were added. The contents of the tubes were gently mixed and incubated. The percentages of dead parasites were determined by counting 500 cysts. Non treated parasites were considered a control group in each experiment and the viability of the parasites checked with Eeosin staining and statistical analysis were done. Results: The results showed that chloroformic extracts of A. annua at 100 mg/ml concentration affected on Gardia cyst 86% and 100% trophozoite after 1 hour. T. parthenium at 50mg/ml concentration killed cysts (83%) and trophozite (100%) after 1 hour, respectively. T. parthenium chloroformic extract had a better effect on cyst and trophozoite of Giardia at 50 mg/ml after 1 hour exposure than A. annua extract. Conclusion: According to this study, A. annua and T. parthenium chlorofomic extracts could be considered as a more effective anti-giardial agent. Chloroformic extract of T. parthenium was also shown the anti-giardial activity compared with A. annua and control groups at all exposure times. Therefore, in the future research using these plants are recommended against Giardia in low concentration in the in vivo, also to find fractions of the pharmacological effects of these plants.}, Keywords = {Giardia lambelia, Chlorofomic extract, Artemisia annua, Tanacetum parthenium, Cyst, Trophozoite}, volume = {2}, Number = {1}, pages = {46-51}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.rmm.2.1.46}, url = {http://rmm.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-74-en.html}, eprint = {http://rmm.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-74-en.pdf}, journal = {Research in Molecular Medicine}, issn = {2322-1348}, eissn = {2322-133X}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Amjadi, Omolbanin and Rafiei, Alireza and Ajami, Abolghasem and Hosseini, Vahid and Asgarian-Omran, Hossei}, title = {Inflammation, a Key Factor in Cancer Ambush}, abstract ={Inflammatory condition is the consequence of defensive mechanism of immune system against viral and bacterial infection, tissue injury, UV radiation, stress and etc. Persistently acute inflammation leads to chronic phase which is characterized by production of pro-inflammatory mediators from T cells. These molecules (e.g. IL-6, TNF-&alpha, IL-1&beta and IL-17) are mostly pleiotropic cytokines involved in multiple signaling cascades. NF-&kappaB, STAT3, and HIF-1&alpha are the major engaged pathways directing to several downstream targets associating with tumorigenesis and inflammation. Carcinogenesis processes such as DNA mutation/damage, proliferation, angiogenesis, apoptosis, and invasion are implicated to inflammation. Clearly there is a closely association between cancer and inflammation reported as “Seven Hallmark of Cancer”. The elucidation of relationship between inflammation and cancer and their interaction may result in effective therapy and prevention. Gastric cancer is one of the main cancer involved in complex correlation of inflammation and cancer. Inflammation in gastric epithelium could trigger cellular transformation and promote invasion by inducing immune responses and utilizing signaling cascades. Gastric tumor microenvironment has inverse association by providing cytokines and inflammatory mediators. This closely relationship facilitates gastric tumor development and the induction of chronic inflammation in tumor microenvironment. The current review will focus on describing the possible and critical ways in which inflammation and cancer are linked together with specific view to gastric cancer and inflammation. Finally, it introduces some putative treatment generally used in this way in order to direct more attention for further exploration. }, Keywords = {Inflammation, Cancer, Gastritis, Gastric cancer, Cytokines, Chemokines, Signaling pathway}, volume = {2}, Number = {2}, pages = {1-15}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.rmm.2.2.1}, url = {http://rmm.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-78-en.html}, eprint = {http://rmm.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-78-en.pdf}, journal = {Research in Molecular Medicine}, issn = {2322-1348}, eissn = {2322-133X}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {GhasemiHamidabadi, Hatef and Rezaei, Nourollah and Mahmoudi, Reza and NazmBojnordi, Maryam}, title = {Expression of Spermatogonial and Pluripotency Markers in Spermatogonial Stem Cells after Treatment with Different Culture Factors}, abstract ={Background: As condition and component of culture determine fate map of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs), the aim of this study was to evaluate of growth factors GDNF, LIF and RA on proliferation and differentiation of SSC. Materials and Methods: SSCs were cultured in two groups: The first group GDNF and LIF and the second group RA. The number of clumps and colony formation was monitored during 1 month in culture. To identification of the colony, stained with PLZF using immunostaining. Pluripotency gene Oct 4 and neural markers MAP2, NeuroD and Nestin were analyzed by RT-PCR.  Results: In the presence of GDNF and LIF, cells proliferated rapidly and many compact clumps were appeared whereas after exposure to RA cells formed small clumps. The results of immunocytochemistry shows PLZF was detected in the group GDNF & LIF. RT-PCR showed high level expression Oct 4 in the group GDNF and LIF whereas neural markers MAP2, NeuroD and Nestin were expressed in the group RA. Conclusions: GDNF and LIF are essential for self-renewal and colony formation of SSCs that confirm the stem cells activity of these cells but RA inhibits stem cell activity of SSCs and induces neural differentiation of these.}, Keywords = {Spermatogonial Stem cells, Leukemia Inhibitory Factor, Glial cell line-derived neurotropic factor, Retinoic acid}, volume = {2}, Number = {2}, pages = {16-21}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.rmm.2.2.16}, url = {http://rmm.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-70-en.html}, eprint = {http://rmm.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-70-en.pdf}, journal = {Research in Molecular Medicine}, issn = {2322-1348}, eissn = {2322-133X}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Qujeq, Durdi and Salmani, Friba and Feizi, Fariedeh}, title = {Quantitative Cell Numbers and Density of Mesangial Volume in a Rat Model with Induced Hyperglycemic and Treated with Mononuclear Derived CD133 Positive Cells}, abstract ={Background: There is evidence that mesangial cell structural changes contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. To gain better insight into the mechanisms responsible for this issue, present study focused on effect of cord blood mononuclear cells (MNCs) derived CD133 positive cells on mesangial cell structure and function. Materials and Methods: The animals were randomly divided into four groups (each with six rats) and were kept in separate cages as follows: Group I: control group, received only 8.2 mmol/L sodium citrate buffer (pH 5.4). Group II: received only CD133 positive cells. Group III: received alloxan (65mg/kg) only. Group IV: received alloxan, followed by administration of CD133 positive cells, 1 week later. Rats were studied for 16 weeks. Cord blood mononuclear cells (MNCs) were isolated by a conventional centrifuge method through a Ficoll-density gradient, CD133 positive isolation was performed by means of magnetic cell separation (MACS) columns according to the manufacturer’s procedure. CD133 positive stem cells analyzed using flow cytometry. The CD133positive cells were centrifuged, re-suspended with PBS, and transplanted to the rats through the tail. At the end of the experiments, blood was collected, and then blood glucose, creatinine, glycated hemoglobin and insulin concentrations were measured by using kits. All of the animals were killed and the kidneys were removed. Tissues were processed for light microscopy. Glomerular features were evaluated quantitatively using Cavalieri and disectory methods and compared with sham and control groups. Results: Our results indicated that treated hyperglycemic rats showed an increase in mesangial volume compared to untreated group. Concerning the mechanisms of these findings both glycemic control and CD133 positive cells regenerative potential are major’s factors to change mesangial structure and function. Conclusion: The present study clearly documents the potential of CD133 positive cells on the renal mesangial cells.}, Keywords = {Hyperglycemic, mesangial cell , CD133 positive cell }, volume = {2}, Number = {2}, pages = {22-27}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.rmm.2.2.22}, url = {http://rmm.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-76-en.html}, eprint = {http://rmm.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-76-en.pdf}, journal = {Research in Molecular Medicine}, issn = {2322-1348}, eissn = {2322-133X}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Arzanlou, Mahdi}, title = {Molecular Characterization of Aureobasidium Species in Iran}, abstract ={Background: Members of this genus Aureobasidium are ubiquitous microorganisms which can be isolated from wide ranges of substrates such as plant materials (phyllosphere, plant debris, bark, roots, fruits and wood), soil, dead wood, air, and as rare etiologic agent of pheohyphomycosis, keratomycosis, septicemia, peritoneal sepsis, and dermatological infections in human. Very little is known on the identity, substrates and distribution of Aureobasidium spp. in Iran. Materials and Methods: Fourteen Aureobasidium isolates were recovered from vascular tissues of pome and stone fruit trees displaying decline symptoms in orchards of West and East Azarbaijan provinces, Iran. Pure cultures were established by using a single spore technique. The identity of the isolates was determined using sequence data from ITS-rDNA region. Phylogenetic relationship among isolates was inferred based on sequence data from ITS-rDNA. Results: A megablast search analysis of ITS sequence data at NCBI revealed the identity of Aureobasidium isolates as A. pullulans. A phylogeny inferred using sequence data from ITS region placed our isolates together with the other A. pullulans var. pullulans in GenBank. Morphological and cultural characteristics were in agreement with the description for A. pullulans var. pullulans. Conclusion: Our results represent new report on the occurrence of A. pullulans var. pullulans in Iran. As A. pullulans is known as a rare etiologic agent of pheohyphomycosis, keratomycosis, septicemia, peritoneal sepsis, and dermatological infections in human, possible occurrence and involvement of A. pullulans in human infections should be taken into account.}, Keywords = {ITS-rDNA, Endophytes, Black yeast, Pullulan, Human pathogen}, volume = {2}, Number = {2}, pages = {28-33}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.rmm.2.2.28}, url = {http://rmm.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-75-en.html}, eprint = {http://rmm.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-75-en.pdf}, journal = {Research in Molecular Medicine}, issn = {2322-1348}, eissn = {2322-133X}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Farzanegi, Parvi}, title = {Impact of the Synchronization of portulaca oleracea and Aerobic Training on Levels of MMP2 and MMP9 and TIMP1 in Diabetic Women Type II}, abstract ={Background: Diabetes has the most important role in development of tissue damage, and by affecting intercellular matrices, may lead to structural and functional changes that ultimately cause failure of related tissue or organ. Exercise and herbal medicine can be effective in reducing organ failure. This study aims to assess the effect of aerobic training combined with consumption of portulaca oleracea supplements on Metalloproteinase Matrix 2 (MMP2), Metalloproteinase Matrix 9 (MMP9), and Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase Matrix (TIMP1) in diabetic women type II. Materials and Methods: 28 women with type II diabetes and average age of 51 years were divided into 4 groups of control (CG), exercise (EG), exercise-supplement (E-SG), and supplement (SG). A course of exercise was designed to cover 60-minute, 3 sessions per week for 8 weeks, with 50-70% maximum heart rate intensity. A 7.5 grams daily supplement of portulaca oleracea was administered, consisting of 2.5 grams with luncheon and 5 grams at dinner. Blood samples were taken before and after 8 weeks of intake of supplement and exercise following 48 hours of non-consumption of supplement and 12 hours of fasting. Data were analyzed using variance analysis model. Results: After 8 weeks, MMP2, MMP9 levels significantly reduced in all groups (P<0.05). But the difference between groups was insignificant. TIMP1 level significantly increased in all groups but control, and there was a significant difference in TIMP1 level between control and supplement groups (P<0.05). Conclusion: According to the results, aerobic training together with purslane seed intake, did not positively affect matrix metalloproteinase, but its inhibitors were effective. Thus, further study is required for more accurate results.}, Keywords = {Key Words: Matrix metalloproteinase, Aerobic training, Portulaca Oleracea, Diabetic women type II}, volume = {2}, Number = {2}, pages = {34-39}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.rmm.2.2.34}, url = {http://rmm.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-69-en.html}, eprint = {http://rmm.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-69-en.pdf}, journal = {Research in Molecular Medicine}, issn = {2322-1348}, eissn = {2322-133X}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Saleh, Fatemeh and Kheirandish, Farnaz and Azizi, Hossein and Azizi, Maryam}, title = {Molecular Diagnosis and Characterization of Bacillus subtilis Isolated from Burn Wound in Iran}, abstract ={Background: Bacillus subtilis refers to stretched and sometimes curved, gram-positive, aerobic, and catalase-positive bacilli, which has thermo-resistant endospores. It has been known as a normal flora in the human but can be pathogens In the case of opportunistic. Also, it can be the pathogen of nosocomial infections such as wound among hospitalized patients. Purpose of this study was to identify the type of nosocomial infections in a burn patient suffering from wound infections and septicemia. Materials and Methods: In November 2012, sampling was made from the burn wound of a 26-year-old woman infected with septicemia using a sterile swab. The wound sample was cultured on a blood agar medium. Various routine biochemical tests were performed for species detection and identification. Eventually, PCR was used to increase the reliability and accuracy in the identification of the isolated bacterium. The PCR product was then sequenced. Results: According to the results of different biochemical tests and molecular identification, the bacteria separated from B. subtilis wound were reported. The mentioned gene was recorded under access number AB894357 in the gene bank. Conclusion: According to the conducted studies, although B. subtilis is known as a commensal bacterium, it can be considered a pathogen of nosocomial infection, which subsequently causes secondary infections. Considering that B. subtilis is known as a nonpathogenic bacterium, it is recommended to pay more attention to its diagnosis and treatment as an opportunistic pathogen among hospitalized patients.}, Keywords = {Bacillus subtilis, nosocomial infection, PCR}, volume = {2}, Number = {2}, pages = {40-44}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.rmm.2.2.40}, url = {http://rmm.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-73-en.html}, eprint = {http://rmm.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-73-en.pdf}, journal = {Research in Molecular Medicine}, issn = {2322-1348}, eissn = {2322-133X}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Makhlough, Atieh and Shokrzadeh, Mohammad and Shaliji, Maryam and Abedi, Siyavash}, title = {Comparative Analysis of Serum Levels of Aluminum and Lead in Dialysis Patients, Pre and post Dialysis}, abstract ={Background: Accumulation or deficiency of trace elements can occur in hemodialysis patients and it increases risk of cardiovascular or other organs disorders. Special ions levels such as sodium and bicarbonate in dialysis fluid are accurately regulated but the remaining elements are not regularly measured. Aluminum and lead belong to the biologic performance free heavy metals .They also has a tendency to accumulate in hemodialysis patients. This study aims to compare serum aluminum and lead levels in hemodialysis patients before and after dialysis during 6 months period. Materials and Methods: This comparative longitudinal research has been a comparative long- itudinal research conducted to 86 hemodialysis patients in Imam Khomeini and Fatima Zahra in Sari. Sampling was done on patients for three times (two times before dialysis with 6 months interval and one time after dialysis in the sixth month). It has been measured by spectrophotometer method. In order to compare the metal mean and standard deviation, ANOVA analysis method and also evaluating intra group difference with paired test has been used. Results: In the 100 hemodialysis patients, the mean age and duration of hemodialysis were 57.0±7.3 years and 15.28±5.73 months, respectively. Aluminum level in patient’s serum was 30.7± 6.2 and 37.5 ± 6.8 mg/dl before and after dialysis, respectively. The post-dialysis aluminum level became statistically significant (p<0.05). There was no significant difference between pre dialysis aluminum concentrations during 6 months interval. We weren’t finding significant difference in lead level between the three samples taken. Conclusion: Trace elements status in chronic kidney diseases patients is influenced by a renal function residual, size and dialyzer membrane surface. The water nature also is used for dialysis fluid preparation and composition. Trace elements in ESRD patients differed from healthy individuals. So this issue requires accurate studies on trace elements clinical aspects in ESRD patients.}, Keywords = {Hemodialysis, Aluminum, Lead}, volume = {2}, Number = {2}, pages = {45-49}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.rmm.2.2.45}, url = {http://rmm.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-81-en.html}, eprint = {http://rmm.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-81-en.pdf}, journal = {Research in Molecular Medicine}, issn = {2322-1348}, eissn = {2322-133X}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Moazeni, Maryam and Nabili, Mojtaba and Badali, Hamid and Abastabar, Mahdi}, title = {RNAi technology: A Novel approaches against fungal infections}, abstract ={Despite the introduction of new antifungal agents, resistances to antifungal therapy continue to increase and outcome of invasive fungal infections treatment is frequently suboptimal. A large amount of the recent effort in antifungal drug discovery has focused on a limited set of targets with functions known or expected to be important for fungal viability and virulence. A variety of techniques can be used to identify fungal genes of interest. Gene expression profiling, RNA mediated gene silencing and insertional mutagenesis are three main molecular genetics technologies used to identify and validate antifungal drug targets. The term RNA interference (RNAi) refers to a cellular process by which a sequence-specific double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) inhibits the expression of a gene. This mechanism is strongly conserved in eukaryotes and has been documented to be existed in different fungal species such as Candida albicans, Aspergillus nidulans and Penicillium marneffei. Many vital and virulence genes have been successfully knocked down using RNAi technology. RNAi can be regarded as a promising approach for discovery of new gene targets for the design of fungus-specific antifungal agents. Here we discuss about a novel approach and its application in designing new molecular antifungal targets.}, Keywords = {RNAi, Fungal infections, siRNA, Antifungal drugs}, volume = {2}, Number = {3}, pages = {1-10}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.rmm.2.3.1}, url = {http://rmm.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-86-en.html}, eprint = {http://rmm.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-86-en.pdf}, journal = {Research in Molecular Medicine}, issn = {2322-1348}, eissn = {2322-133X}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Zherebiatiev, Aleksandr and Kamyshnyi, Aleksandr}, title = {Simvastatin and Recombinant Antagonist of Receptors of Interleukin-1 Modulate Toll-like Receptors in Experimental Acute Ileitis in Rat}, abstract ={Background: The pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease is complex and multifactorial. Studies have led to the current concept that Toll-like receptors represent key mediators of innate host defense in the intestine, and they are involved in maintaining mucosal as well as commensal homeostasis. We studied the possibility of simvastatin and antagonist of receptors of interleukin-1 for pharmacological correction of acute ileitis in rats with a focus on the expression intensity studies of TLR2 TLR4 with lymphocytes of small intestine. Materials and Methods: Experiments were carried out on male Wistar rats aged 5–7 months (body mass 260–285 g). Rats were divided into four experimental groups: group 1 ― control group 2 ― rats with indomethacin-induced ileitis group 3 ― the rats were given simvastatin (20 mg/kg, for 5 days, subcutaneously) group 4 ―the rats had given antagonist of receptors of interleukin-1 (3 mg/kg, for 5 days, subcutaneously). The TLR2 and TLR4 immunopositive lymphocytes were determined using a direct immunofluorescence technique using a monoclonal rat antibody. Results: We established that development of ileitis was accompanied with the change of amount of TLR2+ and TLR4+ lymphocytes and the density of TLR2, TLR4 in immunopositive cells. Drug administration during the development of experimental pathology was accompanied by changes in the expression of TLR2, TLR4 and their density on lymphocytes. Conclusions: Simvastatin and antagonist of receptors of interleukin-1 seemed to be beneficial in indomethacin-induced rat ileitis model through modulate TLR2 and TLR4 expression with lymphocytes of small intestine.}, Keywords = {Ileitis, Recombinant antagonist ,receptors of interleukin-1 (ARIL-1), Simvastatin, Toll-like receptor}, volume = {2}, Number = {3}, pages = {11-16}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.rmm.2.3.11}, url = {http://rmm.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-90-en.html}, eprint = {http://rmm.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-90-en.pdf}, journal = {Research in Molecular Medicine}, issn = {2322-1348}, eissn = {2322-133X}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Hosseinikhah, Zahra and Bahadori, Zohreh and Rafiei, Alireza and Hajilooi, Mehr}, title = {Association of FCγRIIA (CD32) polymorphism with susceptibility to brucellosis}, abstract ={Background: Brucellosis is the major bacterial zoonoses of global importance caused by Brucella spps. FCγRIIA receptor plays a central role in phagocytosis of IgG2-opsonized bacteria. FCγRIIA exhibits allelic polymorphisms with different capacities for binding IgG2 and phagocytosis. Cells expressing Fc γ RIIa-H131, bind more efficiently to complexes of IgG2 than those expressing the Fc γ RII A -R131 variant. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association of FCγRIIA polymorphisms with susceptibility to or severity of brucellosis. Materials and Methods: In this study, we evaluated FCγRIIA polymorphisms (R/R131, R/H131, H/H131) in 67 patients with brucellosis and 67 age, sex and geographical matched healthy volunteers. FCγRIIA genotyping was performed by using a sequence-specific primer polymerase chain reaction (SSP-PCR). Results: The comparison of the FCγRIIA genotypes distribution in patients with brucellosis and controls showed a higher frequency in FCγRIIA-R/R131 homozygosity in patients than controls (47.8% vs. 28.4%). Logistic regression analysis showed that there is a significant correlation between R/R131 genotype and brucellosis (OR=2.3, 95%CI=1.3-4.2, P=0.04). Although the frequency of the FCγRIIA-R/R131 was higher in patients with chronic brucellosis compared with acute brucellosis, we did not find any statistically significant differences (53.8% vs. 46.3%, P=0.65). Conclusion: The result of this study showed that the homozygous genotype of FCγRIIA-R/R131 in patients with brucellosis may be associated with susceptibility to brucellosis as a genetic risk factor.}, Keywords = {Brucellosis, FCγRIIA, Polymorphism}, volume = {2}, Number = {3}, pages = {17-22}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.rmm.2.3.17}, url = {http://rmm.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-88-en.html}, eprint = {http://rmm.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-88-en.pdf}, journal = {Research in Molecular Medicine}, issn = {2322-1348}, eissn = {2322-133X}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Solimani, Peyman and Salari, Samira and khalizadeh, Soheila and Hassanzad, Maryam and Khodavaisy, Sadegh and Abastabar, Mahdi and Fakhimhajiaghaei, Hamed and Badali, Hami}, title = {Use of PCR-RFLP and PCR-HWP1 for identification of Candida species isolated from cystic fibrosis patients}, abstract ={Background: Due to the predisposing conditions in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) caused by defective mucociliary clearance facilitating colonization and invasion with Candida species has dramatically increased. Traditional methods for identifying problems are imminent and time-consuming. Therefore, molecular techniques utilizing amplification of target DNA provide quick and precise methods for the diagnosis and identification of Candida species. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to identify the most medically common isolated Candida species from the air way of CF patients by PCR-RFLP and amplification of HWP1 gene. Materials and Methods: A total of 42 CF patients presenting symptoms who referred to pediatric respiratory diseases research center were screened for the presence of Candida spp. The isolates initially were phenotypically identified and confirmed by molecular approaches based on restriction fragment length polymorphism ( PCR -RFLP) for the discrimination of C. albicans of non-albicans and the amplification of HWP1 gene for the discrimination of C. albicans from C. dubliniensis and C. africana was conducted. Results: The results show that C. albicans was the most frequently isolated species (83.8%) followed by non-albicans included C. parapsilosis (7.1%), C. glabrata (3.2%), and C. tropicalis (3.2%). The restriction patterns of each Candida species were perfectly specific. Since MspI could not discriminate between the three morphological related species, C. albicans, C. dubliniensis and C. africana, we used PCR amplification of HWP1 gene, which (7.1%) species from C. albicans identified as C. dubliniensis, however C. africana strains were not found. Conclusion: The present study found that C. albicans as predominant species wereisolated from the CF patients. It could be concluded that molecular diagnostic methods are reliable and would be useful for the identification of medically important Candida species in clinical samples . Therefore, considerable attention has been paid to the prevention and treatment of microbial growth, which has resulted in the improvement of patient management.}, Keywords = {Candida species, PCR-RFLP, HWP1 gene, cystic fibrosis}, volume = {2}, Number = {3}, pages = {23-27}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.rmm.2.3.23}, url = {http://rmm.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-89-en.html}, eprint = {http://rmm.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-89-en.pdf}, journal = {Research in Molecular Medicine}, issn = {2322-1348}, eissn = {2322-133X}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Zayerzadeh, Ehsan and Koohi, Mohammad Kazem and Fardipour, Azadeh}, title = {Estrogenic Activity of Some Phytoestrogens on Bovine Oxytocin and Thymidine Kinase-ERE Promoter through Estrogen Receptor-α in MDA-MB 231 Cells}, abstract ={Background: Phytoestrogens, a group of plant-derived polyphenolic compounds have recently come into considerable attention due to the increasing information on their potential adverse effects in human health. Some of phytoestrogens show estrogenic activity that may be carcinogenic for human. In the present study, we investigated the transcriptional effects of variety of phytoestrogens on the bovine oxytocin and the thymidine kinase-ERE promoter by estrogen receptor α in MDA-MB 231 breast cancer cell line. Materials and Methods: Cells were seeded for transfections into 12- well plates at a density of 100000 cells per well were transfected with a total of 3 μg of plasmid DNA using calcium phosphate coprecipitation. Estrogen and some phytoestrogens (naringenin, 8-prenyl-naringenin and 6-( 1, 1 - dimethylallyl ) naringenin were used for the stimulation of transfected cells. Results: Findings of our study clearly demonstrated the subtype-selective activation of estrogen receptor (ER)α and (ER)β by the p hytoestrogen naringenin (activating estrogen receptor β) and its substituted forms 8-prenyl-naringenin and 6-( 1, 1 - dimethylallyl ) naringenin (activating estrogen receptor α) , on the ERE-controlled promoter as well as on the oxytocin gene promoter. Conclusion: The study revealed that some p hytoestrogen s show estrogenic activity by classical or non-classical mechanisms as well as exhibit estrogenic activity by undetermined mechanisms in transfected MDA-MB 231 cell line.}, Keywords = {Phytoestrogens, Naringenin, Oxytocin, Transfection }, volume = {2}, Number = {3}, pages = {28-35}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.rmm.2.3.28}, url = {http://rmm.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-99-en.html}, eprint = {http://rmm.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-99-en.pdf}, journal = {Research in Molecular Medicine}, issn = {2322-1348}, eissn = {2322-133X}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Nasiri, Mahboobeh and Roostaei, Ali and Ehsanian, Zeinab}, title = {Association of Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (MTHFR) Gene C677T and A1298C Polymorphisms with Myocardial Infarction From North of Fars Province}, abstract ={Background: The association between Methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphism and Coronary Artery diseases risk has been both confirmed and refuted in a number of published studies. The aim of this study was to investigate whether genetic polymorphisms of MTHFR (C677T, A1298C) contributed to the development of myocardial infarction (MI). Materials and Methods: The present case-control study consisted of 54 patients with a history of MI and 54 gender-matched normal controls. The SNPs genotypes were determined using polymerase chain reaction followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism method. Results: No significant association of the MTHFR A1298C with the risk of MI was observed. However, the allele frequencies of C677T SNP differed significantly among patients and controls (0.83 vs. 0.30). A strong positive relationship between the TT genotype and the risk of MI supported with a significant p-value < 0.001 (OR= 11.87, 95% CI: 4.7- 29.9, p < 0.001). Conclusions: The results of the present study show the importance of C677T SNP as a potential biomarker for screening susceptible cases to MI.}, Keywords = {Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase, Myocardial infarction, polymorphism}, volume = {2}, Number = {3}, pages = {36-40}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.rmm.2.3.36}, url = {http://rmm.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-95-en.html}, eprint = {http://rmm.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-95-en.pdf}, journal = {Research in Molecular Medicine}, issn = {2322-1348}, eissn = {2322-133X}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Eslamirad, Zahra and Mosayebi, Mahdi and Hajihossein, Rez}, title = {Molecular Testing for Toxoplasma Diagnosis in Aborted Fetuses- Taleghani Maternity Hospital- Arak- Iran}, abstract ={Background: The diagnosis of toxoplasmosis is most critical in pregnant women who acquire infection during gestation and also in fetuses and newborns who are congenitally infected. This study described the performance of molecular and confirmatory serologic testing for toxoplasma infection in the tissues of human spontaneous aborted fetuses and their mothers' blood. Materials and Methods: 87 random samples from the tissues of body of spontaneous aborted fetuses (less than 14 weeks) in a separate container of preservative solution were collected from the delivery room of the university maternity hospital, Arak- Iran , during autumn 2012 to 2013. In the ward, 3 ml of blood sample of their mothers were collected and the sera were separated and analyzed by ELISA method for the detection of specific IgG. DNA extraction from the tissues of fetuses was performed and stored until use. The PCR reaction was performed by a pair of primers. PCR products were analyzed by electrophoresis and stained with safe stain. It is necessary to mention first that the written consent was obtained from their mothers and after recovery, a demographic questionnaire was completed. Results: Most of the mothers were 20-29 years of age and the correlation between the location of residence, contact with cats and eating undercooked food with abortion, not significant. Serological tests on the sera of 87 mothers for anti-Toxoplasma IgG showed 39.08% positive results. The results of PCR amplification showed that none of the 87 samples from aborted fetuses were infected with Toxoplasma gondii. Conclusion: In aborted fetuses, we did not observe any evidence of Toxoplasmosis and it appears that Toxoplasma gondii was not the cause of spontaneous abortion in this area of Iran but considering the importance of the infection during pregnancy, the control measurements during pregnancy is required.}, Keywords = {Toxoplasma gondii, Abortion, Fetus}, volume = {2}, Number = {3}, pages = {41-44}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.rmm.2.3.41}, url = {http://rmm.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-102-en.html}, eprint = {http://rmm.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-102-en.pdf}, journal = {Research in Molecular Medicine}, issn = {2322-1348}, eissn = {2322-133X}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Beikzadeh, Babak and Delirezh, Nowruz}, title = {Morphological Features of Cell Death Through Microscopic View}, abstract ={Cells are active components in their environment and constantly adjusting their performance to improve extracellular milieu changing. This approach is reflected their tends of maintaining intracellular homeostasis. When the cells encounter stress or pathologic stimuli, they can undergo a new manner (adaptation) and new steady state for achieving viability and function. If the external stress is exceeded or adaptive capability continues, cell injury develops (1, 2). Cells injury is engaged in a process that is reversible or irreversible. Injury is reversible when the stimuli are limited and removed. Only in the persistent stress or pathologic stimuli a reversible phase converted into irreversible phase (point-of-noreturn) and causes cell death(3). However, cell death is the most important step in embryogenesis, organ development, hemostasis and also the evolution of disease in any organ (1). The most classifications of mammalian cell death are apoptosis and necrosis. Apoptosis occurs naturally in many situations and helps to eliminate the cells that lost their efficiency. Cells undergoing apoptosis show biochemical events lead to cell changes (morphology) and death (4, 5). These features include cell blebbing, shrinkage, chromatin condensation and nuclear fragmentation. Unlike necrosis, which is a pathologic cell death, apoptotic cells release cell fragment called apoptotic bodies (1, 6). This image was taken with light microscopes (Nikon, TE2000 inverted microscopes), peripheral blood monocytes during 13 days culture initially change into macrophage-like cells and then due to lack of nutrition materials and a high level of toxic substance, to undergo cell death. The morphological changes as mention above (Fig1 legend) approved apoptosis process and cell death. However, sometimes the end stage of apoptosis accompanied by necrosis and it is not possible to distinguish them from the microscopic view.}, Keywords = {.........}, volume = {2}, Number = {4}, pages = {1-2}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.rmm.2.4.1}, url = {http://rmm.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-65-en.html}, eprint = {http://rmm.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-65-en.pdf}, journal = {Research in Molecular Medicine}, issn = {2322-1348}, eissn = {2322-133X}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Tari, Kaveh and Yarahmadi, Reza and Tabatabaei, Amir and Saba, Fakhredin and Abroun, Saeid and Atashi, Amir and Soleimani, Masou}, title = {Myeloproliferative disorders and its associated mutations}, abstract ={Myeloproliferative Neoplasm (MPN) are a clonal disorder in hematopoietic stem cells (HSC). MPN is categorized to 8 subclasses, including chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocytopenia (ET), primary myelofibrosis (PMF), systematic mastositosis (SM), chronic eosinophilic leukemia (CEL), chronic neutrophilic leukemia (CNL), and unclassified myelofibrosis disorders (UMPN). It usually occurs in 5th to 7th decade of life. However, CNL and ET have been observed in children. A lot of mutations have been identified in these disorders that Jak2V617F is the most important mutation. Moreover, several somatic mutations other than JAK2V617F in MPN patients have been reported. Such mutations include MPL, TET2, ASXL1, IDH1, IDH2, CBL, LNK, IKZF, and EZH2 from precursor stem cells. The role of mutations mentioned is not clear in pathogenesis of this disease. Hence, in this study, mutations in different stages of myeloproliferative disorders have been reviewed.}, Keywords = {MPN, Hematopoietic stem cells, Mutation}, volume = {2}, Number = {4}, pages = {3-11}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.rmm.2.4.3}, url = {http://rmm.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-100-en.html}, eprint = {http://rmm.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-100-en.pdf}, journal = {Research in Molecular Medicine}, issn = {2322-1348}, eissn = {2322-133X}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Hojati, Zohreh and Hallajian, Zeinab and Esmaeili, Abolghasem and Motovali-Bashi, Majid and Tabatabaeian, Hosei}, title = {Analysis of HER2 gene amplification using Differential PCR in breast cancer patients of Isfahan Province}, abstract ={Background: Amplification of HER2 is seen in 20-30% of breast cancer cases. Measurement of HER2 gene amplification appears to be of vital importance in planning the treatment schedule for patients with breast carcinoma. The aim of our study was to evaluate HER2 amplification status in malignant and benign breast tumors by differential PCR (dPCR). Materials and Methods: The genomic DNA was extracted using the phenol/chloroform extraction procedure from 76 different breast tissues. Differential PCR was performed using the DNA samples isolated from fresh and paraffin- embedded breast cancer tissues. The relative copy number ratio of target gene (HER2) to control gene ( INF-γ ) was measured. dPCR products were then separated by electrophoresis using 2% agarose gel. The intensity of HER2 and INFγ bands were determined for each sample by ImageJ software. Results: According to the ratio between the band intensity of HER2 to INFγ in tumour and also normal samples, 7% and 26% rates of HER2 amplification were observed in benign and malignant samples respectively. The ratio showed a 2-5 fold increase in HER2 gene copy number for tissues with HER2 amplification whereas, a one-fold increase was found in other samples. Conclusion: Differential PCR provides a relatively rapid and inexpensive technique to assess the HER2 gene amplification, especially alongside immunohistochemistry as a routine assessing method .}, Keywords = {HER2 amplification, breast cancer, differential PCR }, volume = {2}, Number = {4}, pages = {12-17}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.rmm.2.4.12}, url = {http://rmm.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-103-en.html}, eprint = {http://rmm.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-103-en.pdf}, journal = {Research in Molecular Medicine}, issn = {2322-1348}, eissn = {2322-133X}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Houshmand, Behzad and Amjadi, Omolbanin and Rafiei, Alireza and Rouzegar, Mohammadali and Abrishami, Mohammadreza and TalebiArdakani, Mohammadrez}, title = {The potential of human-derived periodontal ligament stem cells to osteogenic differentiation: An In vitro investigation}, abstract ={Background: Periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) are considered as a type of mesenchymal stem cell that is beneficial target for numerous clinical applications in periodontal tissue regeneration therapy. Materials and Methods: This study examined the effects of dexamethasone (Dex) on human PDLSCs in vitro. PDLSCs obtained from the roots of patient’s teeth were cultured with Dex (0.01 μM), and their proliferation was measured. The osteogenic differentiation was assessed by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and Alizarin Red-S staining for calcium deposition. Results: After the administration of 0.01 μM Dex, the activity of ALP increased significantly. Furthermore, mineralized nodule formation showing the intracellular calcium deposition was significantly higher in the Dex-treated cells than that of the control cells. Conclusion: Collectively, Dex has positive effects on osteogenic differentiation of human PDLSCs in vitro. It is suggested that PDLSCs may serve as a potential material for periodontal tissue regeneration.}, Keywords = {Periodontal ligament stem cells, Osteogenic differentiation, Dexamethasone }, volume = {2}, Number = {4}, pages = {18-23}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.rmm.2.4.18}, url = {http://rmm.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-117-en.html}, eprint = {http://rmm.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-117-en.pdf}, journal = {Research in Molecular Medicine}, issn = {2322-1348}, eissn = {2322-133X}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Torabizadeh, Zhila and Nadji, Alireza and Naghshvar, Farshad and Nosrati, Anahita and Parsa, Mohse}, title = {Association between Epstein - Barr Virus (EBV) and Breast Cancer}, abstract ={Background: Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in females worldwide. Several etiological factors including environmental factors have been recognized for breast cancer. Epstein Barr virus as a viral etiological factor has been proposed. So far, several studies have investigated the relationship between development of breast cancer and Epstein Barr virus, but few have been done in Iran. The aim of this study was to determine whether there was an association between EBV infection and female breast cancer in Iran. Materials and Methods: We analyzed paraffin embedded breast tissue specimens by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) including breast cancer specimens (as case group) and breast fibroadenoma specimens (as control group). PCR was performed to amplify specific sequences of EBV. Results: From 130 cases of breast samples, 67 cases of breast cancer tissues and 41 cases of breast fibroadenoma tissues had adequate quality and quantity of DNA to detect EBV. PCR for EBV was positive in 4 invasive ductal carcinoma specimens (7.3%) and only one of the fibroadenoma specimens (2.4%). No significant association was found between EBV infection and invasive ductal carcinoma (p> 0.05). Also, patient’s age and histological grade of IDC were not correlated with EBV infection (p>0.05). Conclusion: We observed no etiologic association between EBV infection and invasive ductal carcinoma of female breast in our regions however, further studies are required to elucidate this association .}, Keywords = {Breast cancer, Fibroadenoma, Epstein-Barr virus, Polymerase chain reaction }, volume = {2}, Number = {4}, pages = {24-29}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.rmm.2.4.24}, url = {http://rmm.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-104-en.html}, eprint = {http://rmm.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-104-en.pdf}, journal = {Research in Molecular Medicine}, issn = {2322-1348}, eissn = {2322-133X}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Farivar, Shirin and Hasani, Mahdieh and Shiari, Rez}, title = {R202Q Mutation of Mediterranean Fever Gene in Iranian patients with Systemic-onset Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis}, abstract ={Background: Systemic-onset Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (SoJIA) is an autoinflammatory disease with complex genetic trait starts in children less than 16 years of age with fever and cutaneous rash. Despite, the main genetic factors that may play a role in SoJIA have not yet been identified. High level of interleukin-1beta in the blood of SoJIA patients has been reported. The production and secretion of IL-1 β is related to pyrin coded by mediterranean fever gene (MEFV gene). Therefore, mutation in MEFV may be associated with SoJIA diseases. This study aimed to identify the association between R202Q mutation in exon 2 of MEFV gene and SoJIA disease. Materials and Methods: This study was done in 30 SoJIA patients and 30 controls. DNA was extracted from blood cells and analyzed by RFLP-PCR. The PCR product was digested with PvuII and then separated by gel electrophoresis. Results: R202Q mutation was found in 3.3% of control and 43.3% of patient group. Significant statistical differences were observed between cases and controls in the R202Q mutation. Conclusion: The present study showed that the mutation in MEFV gene is a susceptible factor in development of SoJIA disease in Iranian patients.}, Keywords = {Mediterranean fever, Pyrin, R202Q, RFLP-PCR, Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis }, volume = {2}, Number = {4}, pages = {30-32}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.rmm.2.4.30}, url = {http://rmm.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-93-en.html}, eprint = {http://rmm.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-93-en.pdf}, journal = {Research in Molecular Medicine}, issn = {2322-1348}, eissn = {2322-133X}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Erfanimanesh, Soroor and Eslami, Gita and Goudarzi, Hossein and Taherpour, Arezou and Hashemi, Ali and Taki, Elahe}, title = {In vitro evaluation of capsaicin inhibitory effects on zonula occludens toxin in vibrio cholerae ATCC14035 strain}, abstract ={Background: Cholera is a potentially epidemic and life-threatening secretory diarrhoea characterized by voluminous watery stools, often accompanied by vomiting, and resulting in hypovolemic shock and acidosis. It is caused by certain strains of the species Vibrio cholerae which can also cause mild or in apparent infections. The aim of this study is the evaluation of Capsaicin, as a potential inhibitor of zonula occludens toxin production in V. cholerae ATCC 14035. Materials and Methods: MIC of capsaicin was determined by Broth Microdilution method according to CLSI guidelines. The zot gene expression level were analysed using real-time RT–PCR technique. Results: Results from MIC test showed that 100 μg mL−1of capsaicin was the highest concentration that did not affect the bacterial growth however, zonula occludens toxin (zot) gene expression of the tested strain was significantly inhibited by capsaicin in a dose-dependent manner at sub-bacteriocidal concentrations. The recA gene did not show any significant difference in its expression with or without capsaicin. Conclusion: Capsaicin is one of the active compounds of red chili that can drastically suppress zot gene expression and shows promising inhibitory effect against V. cholerae zot production. Thus, routine intake of red chilli, which is easily available and inexpensive, may be an alternative approach to prevent and control symptoms of cholera.}, Keywords = {RNA Extraction, cDNA synthesis and Real-Time PCR}, volume = {2}, Number = {4}, pages = {33-35}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.rmm.2.4.33}, url = {http://rmm.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-118-en.html}, eprint = {http://rmm.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-118-en.pdf}, journal = {Research in Molecular Medicine}, issn = {2322-1348}, eissn = {2322-133X}, year = {2014} }