en ايمونولوژي Immunology review review <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic immune-mediated neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by inflammation, demyelination, and progressive neurological disability. Conventional disease-modifying therapies, including interferon-beta, glatiramer acetate, sphingosine-1-phosphate modulators, anti-CD20 antibodies, and immune reconstitution strategies, can reduce relapse activity and disease burden; however, their efficacy is limited by adverse effects, incomplete control of compartmentalized central nervous system (CNS) inflammation, and insufficient target specificity. In parallel, nanoparticles and exosomes have emerged as promising targeted platforms for drug delivery and immunomodulation because they may enhance blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration and improve cell-specific delivery. This narrative review summarizes conventional and targeted therapeutic approaches in multiple sclerosis (MS), with emphasis on the translational promise and limitations of nanoparticle- and exosome-based strategies. Preclinical evidence from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis models and human clinical data are distinguished where appropriate. The review also highlights the major barriers that must be addressed before these approaches can be translated into routine clinical practice.</span></span></span></span></div> Multiple Sclerosis, Treatment of multiple sclerosis, Conventional Treatments, Nanoparticles, Exosomes, Targeted Therapy, Narrative Review 0 0 http://rmm.mazums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-1471-1&slc_lang=en&sid=1 Shirin Taghizadeh shirintaghizadeh@ymail.com 100319475328460013771 100319475328460013771 Yes Department of Medical Sciences, Shahrood Center, Islamic Azad University, Shahrood, Iran. Melika Gorgani melika.gorgani_96@yahoo.com 100319475328460013772 100319475328460013772 No Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Gilda Parsamanesh g.parsamanesh@gmail.com 100319475328460013773 100319475328460013773 No Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mir Hadi Jazayeri hoohadi@yahoo.com 100319475328460013774 100319475328460013774 No Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hamid Nickho nickho.h@semums.ac.ir 100319475328460013775 100319475328460013775 No Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran