en انگل شناسي Parasitology review review <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Background:</span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Leishmaniasis remains a significant global health challenge, with no approved human vaccine available. Recent advances in nanotechnology have opened new avenues for vaccine development, offering improved antigen delivery, enhanced immunogenicity, and targeted immune responses. </span></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Methods</span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">: This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent progress in Leishmania nanovaccines, with a particular focus on liposomal formulations. </span></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Results:</span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> We discuss the immunological basis for vaccine design, the limitations of conventional vaccines, and the advantages of nano-carrier systems. Liposomal nanovaccines are highlighted for their versatility, biocompatibility, and ability to co-deliver antigens and adjuvants, leading to potent Th1-biased immune responses. We also examined other promising nano-platforms, including polymeric nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, emulsions, and virus-like particles. Despite promising preclinical results, challenges remain in scalability, stability, and clinical translation. </span></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Conclusion:</span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> This review underscores the potential of nanovaccines to overcome existing barriers and accelerate the development of effective vaccines against leishmaniasis.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div> Leishmania, nanovaccines, liposomes, vaccine delivery, adjuvants, immunotherapy 0 0 http://rmm.mazums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-733-5&slc_lang=en&sid=1 Ahmad Mehravaran 100319475328460013699 100319475328460013699 No 1. Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran. Javad Akhtari javad.akhtari@gmail.com 100319475328460013700 100319475328460013700 No Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran Navid Kalkali 100319475328460013701 100319475328460013701 Yes Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.